"יתימא" המ םיניבמ םידלי דציכ
היזיוולטב

References

• Brown, Mac H ., Patsy Skeen & D. Keith Osborn (1979): ‘Young Children’s Perception of the Reality of Television’, Contemporary Education 50(3): 129-33
  
• Buckingham, David (1991): ‘What are Words Worth? Interpreting Children’s Talk about Television’, Cultural Studies 5(2) [May]: 228-45
  
• Buckingham, David (1993): Children Talking Television: The Making of Television Literacy (Chapter 9: ‘Beyond the Magic Window: Children’s Judgments of the Reality of Television’, pp. 217-41). London: Falmer Press
  
• Donohue, William A. & Thomas R. Donohue (1977): ‘Black, White, White Gifted and Emotionally-Disturbed Children’s Perceptions of the Reality in Television Programming’, Human Relations 30: 609-21
  
• Dorr, Aimיe (1983): ‘No Shortcuts to Judging Reality’. In Jennings Bryant & Daniel R. Anderson (Eds.): Children’s Understanding of Television: Research on Attention and Comprehension. New York: Academic Press, pp. 199-220
  
• Dorr, Aimיe, Peter Kovaric & Catherine Doubleday (1990): ‘Age and Content Influences on Children’s Perception of the Realism of Television Families’, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 34(4) [Fall]: 377-97
  
• Elliott, William R. & Don Slater (1980): ‘Exposure, Experience and Perceived TV Reality for Adolescents,’ Journalism Quarterly 57: 409- 14, 431
  
• Fernie, David E. (1981): ‘Ordinary and Extraordinary People: Children’s Understanding of Television and Real Life Models’. In Hope Kelly & Howard Gardner (Eds.): Viewing Children Through Television (New Directions for Child Development 13). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, pp. 47-58
  
• Feshbach, Seymour (1972): ‘Reality and Fantasy in Filmed Violence’. In John P. Murray, Eli A. Rubinstein & George A. Comstock (Eds.): Television and Social Behavior 2: Television and Social Learning. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, pp. 318-45
  
• Fitch, Marguerite, Althea C. Huston & John C. Wright (1993): ‘From Televison Forms to Genre Schemata: Children’s Perceptions of Television Reality’. In Gordon L. Berry & Joy Keiko Asamen (Eds.): Children and Television: Images in a Changing Sociocultural World. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 38-52
  
• Flavell, John H. (1986): ‘The Development of Children’s Knowledge about the Appearance-Reality Distinction’, American Psychologist 41 (4) [April]: 418-25
  
• Flavell, John H., Eleanor R. Flavell, Frances L. Green & Jon E. Korfmacher (1990): ‘Do Young Children Think of Television Images as Pictures or Real Objects?’, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 34(4) [Fall]: 399-419
  
• Greenberg, Bradley S. & Byron Reeves (1976): ‘Children and the Perceived Reality of Television’, Journal of Social Issues 32(4) [Fall]: 86-97
  
• Hawkins, Robert P. (1977): ‘The Dimensional Structure of Children’s Perceptions of Television Reality’, Communication Research 4(3) [July]: 299-320
  
• Hodge, Bob & David Tripp (1986): Children and Television: A Semiotic Approach. Cambridge: Polity Press (Chapter 4: "‘God Didn’t Make Yogi Bear": The Modality of Children’s Television’, pp. 100-131)
  
• Howard, Susan M. (1993): ‘How Real is Television? Modality Judgements of Children’, Media Information Australia 70 [November]: 43- 52
  
• Jaglom, Leona M. & Howard Gardner (1981a): ‘Decoding the Worlds of Television’, Studies in Visual Communication 7(1): 33-47
  
• Jaglom, Leona M. & Howard Gardner (1981b): ‘The Preschool Television Viewer as Anthropologist’. In Hope Kelly & Howard Gardner (Eds.): Viewing Children Through Television (New Directions for Child Development 13). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, pp. 9-30
  
• Kelly, Hope (1981): ‘Reasoning About Realities: Children’s Evaluations of Television and Books’. In Hope Kelly & Howard Gardner (Eds.): Viewing Children Through Television (New Directions for Child Development 13). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, pp. 59-71
  
• Klapper, Hope L. (1981): ‘Children’s Perceptions of the Realism of Televised Fiction: New Wine in Old Bottles’. In J. F. Esserman (Ed.): Television Advertising and Children. New York: Child Research Service, pp. 58-85
  
• Messaris, Paul & Dennis Kerr (1983): ‘Mothers’ Comments about TV: Relation to Family Communication Patterns’, Communication Research 10: 175-94
  
• Morison, Patricia & Howard Gardner (1978): ‘Dragons and Dinosaurs: The Child’s Capacity to Differentiate Fantasy from Reality’, Child Development 49(3): 642-8
  
• Morison, Patricia, Margaret McCarthy & Howard Gardner (1979): ‘Exploring the Realities of Television with Children’, Journal of Broadcasting 23(4): 453-63
  
• Morison, Patricia, Hope Kelly & Howard Gardner (1981): ‘Reasoning about the Realities on Television: A Developmental Study’, Journal of Broadcasting 25(3): 229-42
  
• Nikken, Peter & Allerd L. Peeters (1988): ‘Children’s Perceptions of Television Reality’, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 32(4) [Fall]: 441-52
  
• Noble, Grant (1975): Children in Front of the Small Screen. London: Constable (Chapter 5: ‘Child Development and Televiewing’, pp. 82-110)
  
• Potter, W. James (1988): ‘Perceived Reality in Television Effects Research’, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 32(1) [Winter]: 23-41
  
• Quarforth, Joanne M. (1979): ‘Children’s Understanding of the Nature of Television Characters’, Journal of Communication 29(3) [Summer]: 210-18
  
• Reeves, Byron (1978): ‘Perceived TV Reality as a Predictor of Children’s Social Behavior’, Journalism Quarterly 55: 682-9, 695
  
• Reeves, Byron & Bradley S. Greenberg (1977): ‘Children’s Perceptions of Television Characters’, Human Communication Research 3(2) [Winter]: 113-27
  
• Sawin, Douglas B. (1981): ‘The Fantasy-Reality Distinction in Televised Violence: Modifying Influences on Children’s Aggression’, Journal of Research in Personality 15: 323-30
  
• Taylor, Marjorie & John H. Flavell (1984): ‘Seeing and Believing: Children’s Understanding of the Distinction between Appearance and Reality’, Child Development 55: 1710-20
  

Note: Throughout this paper, in the interests of comparability, North American references to school ‘Grades’ have been converted to age-group references thus: K, 5- to 6-years-old; 1st Grade, 6-to 7-year-old; 2nd Grade, 7- to 8-years-old; 3rd Grade, 8- to 9-years-old; 4th Grade, 9- to 10-years-old; 5th Grade, 10- to 11-years-old; 6th Grade, 11- to 12-years-old.

The preferred form of citation for the online version of this paper is as follows:

• Chandler, Daniel (1997): 'Children’s Understanding of What is ‘Real’ on Television: A Review of the Literature' [WWW document] URL http://www.aber.ac.uk/~dgc/realrev.html [Date of Visit]