The University of Connecticut
Andrew Yiannakis, Director
Sport and the Media (#23)
Researched and Compiled by:
Joshua A. Shuart
PhD. Candidate in Sport Management
Email: JAS95013@UCONNVM.UCONN.EDU
# of references: 301. Updated: February '98, v.5.0
Altheide, D. & R. Snow. Media Logic. Beverly Hills:
Sage,
1979.
Ames, S. "Sports Writing: Something More Than the Score."
Quill and Scroll. 53 (3), Feb./Mar. 1979: 8-10.
Anderson, D. "Sports Coverage
in Daily Newspapers."
Journalism Quarterly. 60 (3), Aug. 1983: 497-500.
Andrews, J. "The Functions of Professional Journals in the
Field of Physical Education
and Sport." F.I.E.P.
Bulletin. 60 (1), Spring 1990: 12-21.
Antin, D. "Video: The Distinctive Features of the Medium."
in H. Newcomb, ed. Television: The Critical
View. New
York: Oxford, 1982.
Appleton, G. "Pay TV and Women's
Sport: Opportunity
Knocks." Womensport - Australia Newsletter.
Mar. 1995: 4-
5.
Aris, S. Sportsbiz: Inside the Sports Business.
London:
Hutchinson, 1990.
Armstrong, M. "Broadcasting Sport
in the Nineties:
Implications of the New Media Technologies." Amateur Sport
in a Professional World. 1994: 29- 42.
Atwell, R.H. (1980). The Money Game : Financing Collegiate
Athletics. Washington, D.C : American Council on Education.
Barnett, S. Games and Sets: The Changing Face of Sport
on
Television. London: BFI, 1990.
Barnett, S. "Games and Sets: Just How Much Does Television
Airtime Affect a Sport's Popularity." Sport
and Leisure.
31 (3), Jul./Aug. 1990: 48-49.
Barnett, S. "TV World Special Report: Sports - The Price of
Admittance." TV World. April 1992: 17-27.
Beamish, R. (1988). The political economy of professional
sport. In J.Harvey & H.Cantelon (Eds.), Not Just a Game.
Ottawa, Canada : University of Ottawa Press.
Beckett, J. "Struggle Over Olympic Ads Heats
Up." San
Francisco Chronicle. July 15, 1992: B1, B3.
Berger, A. Media Analysis Techniques. Beverly Hills: Sage,
1982.
Bellamy, R. V. (1988). Impact of the Television Marketplace
on the Structure of Major League Baseball. Journal of
Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 32, 73-87.
Bellamy, R.V.(1993). Issues in the internationalization of
the U.S. sports media : The emerging European marketplace.
Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 17 (3), 171.
Birrell, S. & J. Loy. "Media Sport: Hot
and Cool." in
Sport, Culture and Society: A Reader on the Sociology
of
Sport. J. Loy, ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger,
1981.
Birrell, S. :The Woman Athlete's College Experience: Knowns
and Unknowns." Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 11,
1987-
88: 82-96.
Blain, N., R. Boyle & H. O'Donnell. Sport
and National
Identity in the European
Media. Leicester: Univ.
Press, 1993.
Blinde, E. "Differential Media Coverage
of Men's and
Women's Intercollegiate Basketball: Reflection of
Gender
Ideology." Journal of Sport and Social
Issues. 15
(2), Fall 1991: 98-114.
Bourdieu, P. "Program for a Sociology of Sport." Sociology
of Sport Journal. 5, 1988: 153-161.
Brannon, R. (1978). "The Consequences of Sexist Language."
Paper presented at the APA Meetings, Toronto.
Broadcasters to spend $536 million on football. (1983, August
8). Broadcasting, pp. 40-42.
Brooker, G., & Klastorin, T. (1981). To the victors belong
the spoils? College athletics and alumni giving. Social
Science Quarterly, 62, 744-750.
Brower, S. "Fans as Tastemakers:
Viewers for Quality
Television." In L. Lewis (Ed.).
Adoring Audience: Fan
Culture and Popular Media. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Bryant, I. "A Two-Year Selective Investigation
of the
Female Athlete in Sport as Reported in the
Paper Media."
Arena Review. 4, 1980: 32-44.
Bryant, J. "Drama in Sports Commentary."
Journal of
Communication. 27 (3), 1977: 140-149.
Bryant, J. & D. Zillmann. "Sports Violence and the Media."
in J. Goldstein, ed.
Sports Violence. New York:
Columbia, 1983.
Bryant, J. "Viewers' Enjoyment
of Televised Sports
Violence." In L. Wenner
(Ed.). Media, Sports, and
Society. Newbury Park: Sage, 1989.
Bryson, L. (1987) "Sport and the Maintenance of Masculine
Hegemony." Women's Studies International Forum. 10: 349-
360.
Byers, W. (1995). Unsportsmanlike Conduct : Exploiting
College Athletes. Ann Arbor, Michigan : University of Michigan
Press.
Cady, E. The Big Game: College Sports and American Life.
Knoxville: Univ. of Tenn. Press, 1978.
Carlson, M. "The Influence of Commercial
Television on
Showsport." Sport Science Review. (13), Jan. 1990:
54-59.
Cashman, R., & McKernan, M. (Eds.) (1981). Sport : Money,
morality and the media. Sydney, Australia : New South Wales
University Press.
Chad, N. "The Typing Heads: Children are Meant to be
Seen
and not Heard. Sportswriters are
Meant to be Neither."
Sports Illustrated. 16 Nov. 1992:
4.
Chandler, J. "Sport as TV Product: A Case Study of "Monday
Night Football." In
P.D. Staudohar & J.A. Mangan
(Eds.). The Business of Professional
Sports. Urbana:
Univ. of Illinois Press, 1991.
Clarke, A. "'Highlights and Action Replays' --
Ideology,
Sport and the Media." in
J. Hargreaves, ed. Sport,
Culture and Ideology. London: Routledge &
Kegan Paul,
1982.
Coakley, J. Sport in Society -- Issues and Controversies.
St. Louis: Times Mirror/Mosby, 1990.
Cole, L. (1978). A loose game : The sport and business of
basketball. Indianapolis, Indiana : Bobbs-Merrill.
Coleman, J.K. (1978 October 16). Sports grow as promotion
arena. Advertsing Age, 49(12), p. 12.
Coleman, K. So You Want to be a Sportscaster.
New York:
Hawthorn, 1973.
Comstock, G., et al. Television and Human Behavior.
New
York: Columbia, 1978.
Conrad, P. (1982). Television: The Medium and Its Manners.
Boston: Routledge & Kegan-Paul.
Cosell, H. (1974). Like It Is. Chicago: Playboy Press.
Critcher, C. (1987). "Media Spectacles: Sport and Mass
Communication." In A. Cashadan (ed.), Studies in
Communication. Oxford: Blackwell.
Crittenden, A. "Closing the Muscle Gap," pp. 5-10 in S.
Twin, (Ed.). Out of the bleachers: writings on women and
sport. Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press.
Cryan, T. "The Future
of Sports Broadcasting: An
International Question."
Seton Hall Legislative
Journal. 10 (2), Winter 1987: 213-273.
Daddario, G. "Chilly Scenes of the 1992 Winter Games:
How
the Media Marginalize Female Athletes."
Sociology of
Sport Journal. 11, 1994: 275-288.
Davis, L. "Critical Analysis of the Popular Media and
the
Concept of Ideal Subject position: Sports Illustrated
as
Case Study." Quest. 45 (2), May 1993: 165-181.
Day, L. "The Pro Athletes Right of Publicity in Live Sports
Telecasts." Journalism Quarterly. 65 (1), 1988:
62-70.
Deckard, L. (1988, April 30) "Telemarketing boosts Whalers
Ticket Base." Amusement Business, p.11.
Dennis, E. "Sports and Mass Media."
Gannett Center
Journal. 1 (2), Fall 1987: 1-12.
Dickey, G. (1974). The Jock Empire. Radnor, PA: Chilton.
Dodd, J. "Better Sports Pages Can Make a Major Contribution
to Today's School Newspaper." School
Press Review. 57
(4), Oct. 1981: 2-4.
Donaton, S. "Playing Handball: 'SI' Rethinks
Strategy."
Advertising Age. 64 (11), 15 Mar. 1993:
3; 54.
Duncan, C. "Beyond Analyses of Sport
Media Texts: An
Argument for Formal
Analyses of Institutional
Structures." Sociology of Sport Journal. 10 (4),
Dec.
1993: 353-372.
Duncan, M., M. Messner & L. Williams. Gender Stereotypes
in Televised Sports. Los Angeles:
Amateur Athletic Assoc.
of L.A., 1990.
Duncan, M. "The Mediation of Spectator Sport."
Research
Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 58 (2), Jun. 1987:
168-
177.
Duncan, M. "Sports Photographs and
Sexual Difference:
Images of Women and Men in the
1984 and 1988 Olympic
Games." Sociology of Sport Journal. 7, 1990:
22-43.
Duncan, M. "The Politics of women's Body Images and
Practices: Foucault, the Panopticon, and Shape Magazine."
Journal of Sport & Social Issues. 18, Feb. 1994: 48-65.
Duncan, M. "Television Portrayals of Children's Play
and
Sport." Play and Culture. 2 (3), Aug. 1989:
235-252.
Duncan, M. & B. Brummett. "Liberal and Radical Sources
of
Female Empowerment in Sport Media." Sociology
of Sport
Journal. 10, 1993: 57-72.
Duncan, M. & B. Brummett. "Types and Sources of
Spectating Pleasure in Televised
Sports." Sociology of
Sport Journal. 6, 1989: 195-211.
Duncan, M. & C. Hasbrook. "Denial of Power
in Televised
Women's Sport." Sociology of Sport Journal.
5, 1988: 1-
21.
Duncan, M. & Sayaovong, A. "Photographic Images and
Gender in Sports Illustrated for Kids." Play & Culture.
3,
1990: 91-116.
Dyer, G. "Women and Television: An Overview." pp. 6-16 in
H. Baeher & G. Dyer (eds.) Boxed In: Women and Television.
New York: Pandora Press, 1987.
Eastman, S., R. Brown and K. Kovatch. "The Olympics
That
Got Real? Television's Story of Sarajevo."
Journal of
Sport and Social Issues. 24, Nov.
1996: 366-391.
Eastman, S. & T. Meyer. "Sports Programming:
Scheduling,
Costs, and Competition."
In L. Wenner (Ed.). Media,
Sports, and Society. Newbury Park:
Sage, 1989.
Eastman, S. & K. Riggs. "Televised Sports and Ritual:
Fan
Experiences." Sociology of Sport
Journal. 11, 1994:
249-274.
Edwards, H. The Revolt of the Black Athlete.
New York:
Free Press, 1969.
Edwards, H. "Beyond Symptoms: Unethical
Behavior in
American Collegiate Sport and the Problem
of the Color
Line." Journal of sport and Social
Issues. 9 (2),
1985: 3-13.
Eitzen, D. Sport in Contemporary Society: An
Anthology.
New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979.
Eitzen, D. & Baca, M. (1989). "The De-athleticism of
Women: The Naming and Gender Marking of Collegiate Sport
Teams." Sociology of Sport Journal. 6: 362-370.
Eitzen, D. & Baca, M. (1990). "Language and Gender
Stratification: The Naming of Collegiate Athletic Teams."
Paper presented at the meetings of the International
Sociological Association. Madrid, Spain (July 9-13).
Eller, D. "Behind the Scenes at ABC
Sports." Women's
Sports and Fitness. 17 (3), Apr. 1995: 25-26.
Emig, J. "Barriers of Investigative Sports journalism:
An
Empirical Inquiry into the Conditions
of Information
Transmission." International Review for the
Sociology
of Sport. 21 (2/3), 1986: 113-130.
Emrick, M. Major League Baseball Principal
Play-By-Play
Announcers: Their Occupation, Background,
and Personal
Life. Ann Arbor: University Microfilm, 1976.
Espy, R. The Politics of the Olympic Games.
Berkeley:
Univ. of Calif. Press, 1981.
Euchner, C.C. (1993). Playing the field : Why sports teams
move and cities fight to keep them. Baltimore, Maryland : John
Hopkins University Press.
Evensen, B. "Jazz Age
Journalism's Battle Over
Professionalism, Circulation, and
the Sports Page."
Journal of Sports History. 20 (3), Winter 1993: 229-246.
Fairchild, C. (1996, Oct). What you want when you want it:
altering consumption and consuming alternatives (sports,
globalization and the media). Media, Culture & Society,
p.677.
Farrell, C.S. (1985). Big TV revenues now tougher to get,
most college football powers discover. Chronicle of Higher
Education, 29 (17), 37-38.
Farrell, L. "AUSSAT: Satellite Technology
and Sport."
Information Services for Australian Sport.
25 November
1988: 24-28.
Farrell, T. "Media Rhetoric As Social Drama:
The Winter
Olympics of 1984."
Critical Studies in Mass
Communication. 6 (2), 1989: 158-182.
Fenton, G. "Broadcasting Technology . . . Is It
Changing
the Face of Sport?" Management &
Sport. 1991: 26-30.
Ferguson, C. "Sports Announcer Talk: Syntactic Aspects
of
Register Variation." Language in Society.
12 (2), Jun.
1983: 153-172.
Ferguson, D. "Measurement of Mundane TV Behaviors:
Remote Control Device
Flipping Frequency." Journal
of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 38, 1993:
35-47.
Ferguson, D. & E. Merse. "Media and Audience Influences
on
Channel Repertoire." Journal of Broadcasting &
Electronic
Media. 37, 1993: 31- 47.
Fiske, J. & Hartley, J. (1978) Reading Television. New
York:
Methuen.
Fiske, J. Television Culture. London: Methuen, 1987.
Fitzgerald, M.P. (1995). Pay equity : Two case studies in
intercollegiate athletics. Journal of Legal Aspects of Sports,
5 (2), 104-116.
Fizel, J.L., & Bennet, R.W. (1989). The impact of college
football telecasts on college football attendance. Social
Science Quarterly, 70, 980-988.
Fizel, J.L., & Bennett, R.W. (1996). Telecasts and
recruiting in NCAA Division I football : The impact of altered
property rights. Journal of Sport Management, 10 (4), 359-372.
Flynn, C. (1992). Combatting the high cost of sport.
Olympic Coach, 2 (2), 9-10.
Friedman, W. (1988, November 21). Coke's new plan: Sports is
it. Sports Inc., pp. 38-39.
Gamst, G. "A Profile of Newspaper Sports Section
Readers
and Nonreaders." Journal of Sport Behavior.
16 (4), Dec.
1993: 229-238.
Gantz, W. "An Exploration of Viewing Motives and
Behaviors
Associated With Television
Sports." Journal of
Broadcasting. 25, 1981: 263-275.
Gantz, W. "Exploring the Role of Television
in Married
Life." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media.
29,
1985: 65-78.
Gantz, W. "Fanship and the Television
Sports Viewing
Experience." Sociology of Sport Journal.
12 (1), Mar.
1995: 56-74.
Gantz, W. & L. Wenner. "Men, Women and Sports:
Audience Experiences and Effects."
Journal of
Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 35, 1991: 233-
243.
Garrett, R. "Sports Broadcasting and the Law." Indiana Law
Journal. 59 (2), 1984: 155-193.
"Gender and the Media: Annotated Bibliography." Sociology
of Sport Journal. 7, Dec. 1990: 412-421.
Gitlin, T. (1985). Inside Prime Time. New York: Pantheon.
Gitlin, T. (1982). "Prime Time Ideology: The Hegemonic
Process in Television Entertainment." Pp. 426-454 in H.
Newcomb (Ed.). Television: The Critical View (3rd ed.). New
York: Oxford.
Gitlin, T. (1987). "Television's Screens: Hegemony in
Transition." In D. Lazare (ed.), American Media and Mass
Culture. (pp. 240-265). Berkeley: Univ. of Calif.
Gitlin, T. The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in
the
Making and Unmaking of the New Left.
Berkeley: Univ. of
Calif., 1980.
Gitlin, T. (1986) "We Build Excitement." In T. Gitlin
(Ed.),
Watching Television. (pp. 136-161). New York: Pantheon.
Godbey, G., & Robinson, J. (1979). The American Sports fan:
"Spectatoritis" revisited. Review of Sport & Leisure, 4,(1),
1-11.
Goldlust, J. Playing for Keeps: Sport,
the Media and
Society. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire,
1987.
Gottesman, (1995, March). Gearing up for March Madness.
Women's Sports & Fitness, 25.
Graydon, M. (1983). "But It's More Than a Game: It's an
Institution."
Feminist Review. 13: 5-16.
Grossberg, L. "Is There a Fan in the House? The Affective
Sensibility of Fandom."
In L.A. Lewis (Ed.). The
Adoring Audience: Fan Culture and
the Popular Media.
London: Routledge, 1992.
Gruneau, R. (1989). "Making Spectacle: A Case Study in
Television Sports Production." Pp. 134-154 in L. Wenner
(ed.). Media, Sports & Society. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Gurevitch, M. Culture, Society and the Media.
New York:
Methuen, 1982.
Guttman, A. Sports Spectators. New York: Columbia, 1986.
Halbert, C. & M. Latimer. "'Battling' Gendered Language: An
Analysis of the Language Used by Sports Commentators
in
a Televised Coed Tennis Competition." Sociology of
Sport
Journal. 11 (3), Sep. 1994: 298-308.
Hall, M. (1988). "The Discourse on Gender and Sport: From
Femininity to Feminism." Sociology of Sport Journal. 5:
330-
340.
Hallin, D. (1986). "We Keep America on top of the World."
In T. Gitlin (Ed.), Watching Television. (pp. 9-41). New
York: Pantheon.
Hand, W. "Comparative Sports Lore: The Leveling Effect
of
Modern Communication." North American Culture.
1, 1984:
47-54.
Hanke, R. "Hegemonic Masculinity
in Thirtysomething."
Critical Studies in Mass Communication.
7, 1990: 231-
248.
Hansen, H., & Gauthier, R. (1989). Factors affecting
attendance at professional sports events. Journal of
Sport Mangement, 3, 15-32.
Hargreaves, J. (1986). "Where's the Virtue? Where's
the
Grace? A Discussion of the Social Production of Gender
Through Sport. Theory, Culture and Society. 3: 109-121.
Harris, J. "Telling the Story: Narrative
in Newspaper
Accounts of a Men's Collegiate
Basketball Tournament."
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport.
64 (1), Mar.
1993: 108-121.
Hartley, J. "Encouraging Signs: TV and hte Power of
Dirt,
Speech, and Scandalous Categories." In W. Rowland
& B.
Watkins (Eds.). I Interpreting
Television: Current
Research Perspectives. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984.
Hasbrook, C, et al. "Denial of Power in Televised
Women's
Sports." Sociology of Sport journal.
5 (1), 1988: 1-
21.
Hayes, C.L. (1997, April 14). The field of sports magazines
for and about women is about to get much more crowded.
The New York Times, p. C11.
Helitzer, M. (1992) The Dream Job: Sports, Publicity,
Promotion, and Public Relations. Athens, OH: University
Sports Press, 1992.
Herbert, S. "Study Charges Sexism in Women's Sport
Coverage." Los Angeles Times. August 30, 1990, p. F-2.
Higgs, C. and K. Weiller. "Gender Bias and the 1992 Summer
Olympic Games: An Analysis
of Television Coverage."
Journal of Sport & Social Issues. 18 (3), 1994:
234-246.
Hill, R. "Crunch Time: Sport is Meant to be a Big
Seller
for Forthcoming Pay TV Services, But Not All
Big Sports
Want to Play Ball." Bulletin. 116 (5924), 14
Jun. 1994:
101-102.
Hilliard, D. "Media Images of Male and Female Professional
Athletes: An Interpretive Analysis of Magazine Articles."
Sociology of Sport Journal. 1, 1984: 251-262.
Hilliard, D. "Televised Sport and the (Anti)Sociological
Imagination." Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 18, 1994:
88-99.
Hitchcock, J. Sportscasting. Boston: Focal Press, 1991.
Hoberman, J. The Olympic Crisis: Sport, Politics and
the
Moral Order. New Rochelle: Aristide D. Caratzas,
1986.
Hofman, D. & Greenberg, M.J. (1989) SPORT$BIZ: An Irreverent
Look at Big Business in Pro Sports. Champaign, IL: Leisure Press,
1989.
Holmes, J. (1984, January 4) "Athletes as pitchmen: When
Riggins, Theisman and Palmer talk, the public listens. Washington
Post, pp. 1B-3B.
Horne, J. "General Sports Magazines and 'Cap 'n' Bob': The
Rise and Fall of SPORTSWEEK."
Sociology of Sport
Journal. 9, 1992: 179-191.
Horne, J., D. Jary & T. Bucke. "Football
Fanzines and
Football Culture: A Case
of Successful "Cultural
Contestation." The Sociological Review. 39 (3),
1991:
581-598.
Hunt, S. "Sports Editors Perceptions of Their Coverage and
Portrayal of Wheelchair Athletes and Wheelchair
Sports."
Palaestra. 6 (4), Summer 1990:
24-26.
Innis, H. (1951). The Bias of Communication. Toronto:
Univ.
Press.
Jackson, D. "Sports Broadcasting: Calling the Plays in Black
and White." The Boston Globe. Jan. 22, 1989.
James, P. "Sports Broadcasting." The Spirit
of Sport.
June 1979: 54-57.
Jansen, S. & D. Sabo. "The Sport/War Metaphor:
Hegemonic
Masculinity, the Persian Gulf War, and
the New World
Order." Sociology of Sport Journal. 11, 1994:
1-17.
Jenkins, H. Textual Poachers.
Television Fans and
Participatory Culture. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Jensen, J. "MarkeTrends: All the World's a Stage and
its
Star Players Really Entertainers."
Advertising Age.
65 (45), 24 Oct. 1994: 4-5.
Jensen, J. (1996, Sep. 2). NFL teams up with TriStar to tout
"Jerry Maguire." Advertising Age, p.36.
Jhally, S. (1989). "Cultural Studies and the Sports/Media Complex."
pp. 70-93 in L. Wenner (ed.). Media, Sports, and Society. Newbury
Park,
CA: Sage.
Joyce, P. "The Sports Network: Keeping Its Word to Amateur
Sport." Champion. 9 (2), Summer 1985: 48-51.
Kaempfer, W.H. & Pacey, P.L. (1986). Televising college
football - the complementarity of attendance and viewing. Social
Science
Quarterly, 67(1), 176-185.
Kane, M. "Media Coverage of the Female
Athlete Before,
During and After Title IX: Sports Illustrated Revisited."
Journal of Sport Management. 2, 1988: 87-89.
Kane, M. "The Social Construction of Gender Difference and
Hierarchy in Sport Journalism."
Women in Sport and
Physical Activity Journal. 1 (1), Sep.
1992: 49-83.
Kane, M. "The Post Title IX Female Athlete in the
Media."
Journal of Physical Education,
Recreation and Dance.
60 (3), 1989: 58-62.
Kaplan, H. "The Commercialization of Sport." In Sports:
Win,
Place or Show. Robert Cooper (ed.). Memphis: SW at
Memphis Press, 1981
Kervin, D. "Advertising Masculinity: The Representation
of
Males in ESQUIRE
Advertisements." Journal of
Communication Inquiry. 14, 1990: 51-70.
Kesler, L. (1979, August 27) "Man created ads in sport's
own image."
Advertising Age, pp. 5-10.
Kidd, B. (1987). "Sports and Masculinity." In M. Kaufman
(ed.)
Beyond Patriarchy: Essays by Men on Pleasure, Power and Change.
New York: Oxford.
Kidd, B. (1990). "The Men's Cultural Centre: Sports and the Dynamic
of Women's Oppression/Men's Repression." Pp. 31-44 in M. Messner
& D. Sabo (eds.). Sport, Men and the Gender Order: Critical Feminist
Perspectives. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Klatell, J. and N. Marcus. Sports For Sale:
Television,
Money and the Fans. New York: Oxford,
1988.
Klein, M. "Women in the Discourse
of Sport Reports."
International Review for Sociology of
Sport. 23, 1988:
137-151.
Koppett, L. Sports Illusion, Sports Reality: A Reporter's
View of Sports, Journalism and Society.
Urbana: Univ.
of Illinois Press, 1994.
Lamphier, G. "Can The Sports
Network Keep Scoring?"
Financial Times. 74 (22), 18 Nov. 1985:
10-11.
Lapchick, R. Fractured Focus -- Sport as a Reflection
of
Society. Lexington: Lexington, 1986.
Lardner, R., Jr. (1982) An overview of network television
sports. In M. Etzel & J. Gaski (Eds.), Applying marketing
technology of spectator sports. South Bend, IN: Univ. of Notre Dame.
Larson, J. and N. Rivenburgh. "A Comparative Analysis
of
Australian, U.S., and British Telecasts
of the Seoul
Olympic Opening Ceremony." Journal of
Broadcasting &
Electronic Media. 35 (1), 1991: 75-94.
Lawrence, G., & Rowe, D. (1986). Power play : The
commercialization of Australian sport. Sydney, Australia :
Hale & Iremonger.
Lee, J. "Media Portrayals of Male
and Female Olympic
Athletes: Analyses of Newspaper Accounts of the 1984
and
1988 Summer Games."
International Review for the
Sociology of Sport. 27 (3), 1992: 197-222.
Lever, J. & Wheeler, S. (1984). The Chicago Tribune sports
page, 1975-1990. Sociology of Sport Journal, 1(4), 299-313.
Levy, K. "A Content Analysis of Copy and
Advertisement
Photographs in Sports Illustrated and Sport: A Measure
of
Discrimination." Physical Educator. 50 (3),
Fall 1993:
114-119.
Lewis, L. (Ed.). The Adoring Audience: Fan
Culture and
Popular Media. London: Routledge, 1992.
Lieber, J. "Fat and Unhealthy: After Feasting for Years
on
Generous Helpings of Television Dough,
Sports Leagues
Are Going to Have to Learn How to
Get By on Smaller
Portions." Sports Illustrated. 27 Apr. 1992: 32-34.
Lipsky, R. (1981) How we play the game: Why sports dominate
American Life. Boston: Beacon Press.
Lipsyte, R. (1975). SportsWorld. New York: Quadrangle.
Lobmeyer, H. "Commercialism as a Dominant Factor
in the
American Sport
Scene: Sources, Developments,
Perspectives." International Review for
the Sociology
of Sport. 27 (4), 1992: 309-327.
Lott, D. "Notes on an American Dryden: New Directions
for
Literary Investigation of the Sports Pages." Aethlon:
The
Journal of Sport Literature. 11 (2), Spring
1994: 33-43.
Loy, J. "Racial Segregation
in American Sport."
International Review of Sport Sociology.
5, 1970: 5-
24.
Lucas, J. & R. Smith (1978). Saga of American Sport.
Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
Lumpkin, A. & D. Williams.
"An Analysis of Sports
Illustrated Feature Articles, 1954-1987."
Sociology of
Sport Journal. 8 (1), 1991: 16-32.
MacAloon, J. "The Ethnographic Imperative in
Comparative
Olympic Research." Sociology
of Sport Journal. 9,
1992: 104-130.
MacNeill, M. "Active Women, Media
Representation, and
Ideology." In J. Harvey & H. Cantelon (Eds.).
Not Just a
Game: Essays in Canadian
Sport Sociology. Ottawa:
Univ. Press, 1988.
Mahon, T. "Pay TV: Implications for the Sporting Bodies."
Sportsnetwork. Spring 1994/Summer 1995:
6-7.
Mason, G. "Looking Into Masculinity: Sport, Media and
the
Construction of the
Male Body Beautiful." Social
Alternative. 11, 1992: 27-32.
Mathisen, J. "'Instinct' in Sport Journalism: A
Case of
Value Added Attribution." Sociological Inquiry.
59 (1),
1989: 60-74.
Mawson, L.M. & Bowler, W.T. (1989). Effects of the 1984
supreme court ruling on the television revenues of NCAA
division I footballs programs. Journal of Sport Management, 3,
79-89.
McFarlane, B. (1955). "The Sociology of Sports Promotion."
Unpublished M.A. Thesis. McGill University, Montreal.
McGregor, E. "Mass Media and Sport: Influences
on the
Public." The Physical Educator. 46 (1), 1989:
52-55.
McKay, J. & D. Huber. "Anchoring Media Images of
Technology
and Sport." Women's Studies International
Forum. 15,
1992: 205-218.
McLuhan, M. Understanding Media: The Extensions
of
Man.
New York: Signet, 1964.
Melnick, M.J. (1993). Searching for sociability in the stands:
A theory of sports spectating. Journal of Sport Management, 7, 44-60.
Messner, M. "Sports and Male Domination: The Female
Athlete
as Contested Ideological Terrain." Sociology
of Sport
Journal. 5, 1988: 197-211.
Messner, M., M. Duncan & K. Jensen. "Separating
the Men
From the Girls: The
Gendered Language of Televised
Sports." Gender and Society. 7, 1993: 121-137.
Messner, M. & Sabo, D. (1990). "Toward a Critical Feminist
Reappraisal of Sport, Men and the Gender Order." Pp. 1-16 in
M. Messner & D. Sabo (eds.). Sport, Men and the Gender
Order: Critical Feminist Perspectives. Champaign, IL: Human
Kinetics.
Miller, C. & Swift, K. (1980). The Handbook of
Nonsexist
Writing. New York: Lippincott & Cromwell.
Miller, M. "Deride and Conquer." In T. Gitlin (ed.), Watching
Television. (pp. 183-228). New York: Pantheon, 1986.
Millman, C. "Sportswriting 2001: A New Computer
Program Makes Some Scribes Squirm."
Sports Illustrated.
27 Dec. 1993: 20.
Min, G. "Over-Commercialization of the Olympics 1988:
The
Role of U.S. Television Networks." International
Review
for the Sociology of Sport. 22 (2), 1987: 137-142.
"Money Is Not the Only Payoff." Los Angeles Times.
February 9, 1979. p. IV-8
Morgan, C. "Role of the Media in
Sport." Journal of
Biosocial Science - Supplement 7.
1981: 23-27.
Morley, D. Television Audiences and
Cultural Studies.
London: Routledge, 1992.
Morris, B. "Sports Spectacle as Drama: Image, Language and
Technology." Journal of Popular Culture. 18
(4), 1985:
101-110.
Morse, M. "Sport on Television: Replay and Display."
In
E.A. Kaplan (ed.).
Regarding Television: Critical
Approaches - An Anthology. Los Angeles:
The American
Film Institute, 1983.
Neal-Lunsford, J. "Sport in the Land of Television: The Use
of Sport in Network Prime-Time
Schedules." Journal of
Sport History. 19 (1), Spring 1992: 56-76.
Newcomb, H. Television: The Critical View.
New York:
Oxford, 1982.
Nilsen, M. The Role of Television in Promoting the Practice
of Sport. Oslo: Norwegian Project Group, 1978.
Noll, R., ed. "Sports Broadcasting." Government
and the
Sports Business. Washington: Brookings, 1974.
O'Connor, B. "Dallas With Balls: Televised
Sport, Soap
Opera and Male and Female Pleasures." Leisure Studies.
12
(2), Apr. 1993: 107-119.
Odenkirk, J.E. Intercollegiate Athletics : Big Business or
Sport. Academe, 67,(2).
O'Neil, T. The Game Behind the Game: High
Stakes, High
Pressure in Television Sports. Philadelphia:
Harper &
Row, 1989.
Osborne, J. "To Keep the Life of the Nation
on the Old
Lines: The Athletic News
and the First World War."
Journal of Sport History. 14 (2), 1987: 137-
150.
Poe, R. "The Writing of Sports." Esquire. October, 1974.
Quinn, J. "Professional Team Sports
New Legal Arena:
Television and the Player's Right of Publicity."
Indiana
Law Review. 16, Spring 1983: 487- 516.
Rader, B. In Its Own Image: How Television Has Transformed
Sports. New York: Free Press, 1984.
Rainville, R. & McCormick, E. (1977). "Extent of Covert
Prejudice in Pro Football Announcers' Speech." Journalism
Quarterly. 54: 20-26.
Rath, C. "Live Television and its Audiences: Challenges
of
Media Reality." In E. Seiter, et
al. Remote Control
Television, Audiences and Cultural Power.
New York:
Routledge, 1989.
Real, M. "Super Bowl Football Versus World Cup Soccer:
A
Cultural-Structural Comparison."
In L.A. Wenner (Ed.).
Media, Sports, and Society. Newbury Park: Sage, 1989.
Real, M. Super Media: A Cultural Studies Approach.
Newbury
Park: Sage, 1989.
Real, M. & R. Mechikoff. "Deep Fan: Mythic Identification,
Technology, and Advertising
in Spectator Sports.
Sociology of Sport Journal. 9, 1992: 323-339.
Reid, L. & L. Soley. "Sports Illustrated's
Coverage of
Women in Sports." Journalism Quarterly.
56, 1979: 861-
863.
Reilly, R. "Give This Plan an 'F': High School Games Don't
Belong on National TV." Sports Illustrated. 18 Sep.
1989:
100.
Reilly, R. "Look out for the Bull: The Prattle
Emanating
from Sports Talk Shows is Polluting
the Air Waves."
Sports Illustrated. 14 Mar. 1994: 76.
Reitman, J. "From Fan Loyalty to Brand Loyalty." Marketing
& Media Decisions. 20 (10),
Aug. 1985: 42-45; 83-85..
Riggs, K., S. Eastman and T.
Golobic. "Manufactured
Conflict in the 1992 Olympics."
Critical Studies in
Mass Communication. 10 (3), 1993: 253- 272.
Rintala, J. & S. Birrell. "Fair Treatment for
the Active
Female: A Content Analysis of Young Athlete
Magazine."
Sociology of Sport Journal. 1, 1984: 231- 250.
Roberts, T. "The Making and Remaking of Sport
Actions."
Journal of the Philosophy of Sport.
19, 1992: 15-29.
Roloff, M. & D. Solomon. "Sex Typing, Sports Interests, and
Relational Harmony." in L. Wenner, ed.
Media, Sports &
Society. Newbury Park: Sage, 1989.
Ross, S. "An Antitrust Analysis of Sports League Contracts
with Cable Networks." Emory
Law Journal. 39 (2),
Spring 1990: 463-497.
Rothenbuhler, E. "The Living Room
Celebration of the
Olympic Games." Journal of Communication.
38, 1988: 61-
81.
Rowe, D. "That Misery of Stringer's
Clichˇs: Sports
Writing." Cultural Studies.
5 (1), Jan. 1991: 77-90.
Rowland, B. "Box Action. Do You See Your Favorite Sport
on
Television? Do You Watch What's On Because
Any Sport Is
Better Than No Sport? Who Decides What Sports
We See
On
the Box?" Sport and Leisure. 33 (3), Jul./Aug.
1992: 28-
29.
Rubin, A. "An Examination
of Television Viewing
Motivations." Communication Research. 8, 1981: 141-165.
Rubin, B. "Athletes and Reporters: Scenes
from a Bad
Marriage." Inside Sports. 7, Nov. 1985: 17-19.
Rudin, J. Fanaticism: A Psychological
Analysis. Notre
Dame: Univ. Press, 1969.
Ruijsenaars, H. "Start of a New Competition: Sport
Events
and Broadcasting Rights, Experiences
from the First
Season in Germany." Entertainment
Law Review. 3 (1),
Jan./Feb. 1992: 18-25.
Sabo, D. & S. Jansen. "Images of Men in Sport
Media: The
Social Reproduction of Gender Order." In S.
Craig (Ed.).
Men, Masculinity, and the Media.
Newbury Park: Sage,
1992.
Sage, G. (1990). Power and Ideology in American Sport.
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1990.
Sage, M. "Coverage of Women's
Sports in Selected
Newspapers." Perceptual and
Motor Skills. 78 (1),
Feb. 1994: 295-296.
Sandomir, R. "Winter Games Broadcast Wasn't a Loser,
CBS
Says." The New York Times. Feb.
26, 1992: B13.
Schlosberg, J. (1987, February) "Who watches television
sports? American Demographics, pp. 44-49, 59.
Scully, G.W. (1989). The business of major league baseball.
Chicago, Illinois : University of Chicago Press.
Shannon, J. "Sports
Development Attributed to
Broadcasting." Broadcaster.
35 (4), Apr. 1976: 40.
Shawcross, W. Rupert Murdoch: The Ringmaster of
Information Circus. London: Pan, 1993.
Shecter, L. (1970). The Jocks. New York: Paperback Library.
Shifflett, B. & Revelle, R. "Gender Equity in Sports Media
Coverage: A Review of the NCAA NEWS." Journal of Sport &
Social Issues. 18, May 1994: 144-150.
Shoham, A. & Kahle, L. (1996). Spectators, viewers, readers:
communication and consumption communities in sport
marketing. Sport Marketing Quarterly, (5), 1, 11-18.
Shooshan, H. "Confrontation with Congress:
Professional
Sports and the Television Anti-Blackout
Law." Syracuse
Law Review. 25, 1974: 713- 745.
Siedlecki, M. "Sports Anti-Siphoning Rules for Pay
Cable
Television: A Public Right to Free
TV?" Indiana Law
Journal. 53, Summer 1978: 821-840.
Siner, H. Sports Classics. New York: McCann, 1983.
Sloan, L. "The Motives of Sports Fans." In J.
Goldstein
(Ed.). Sports, Games and Play: Social
and Psychological
Viewpoints. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1989.
Smith, C. Voices of the Game: The First Full-Scale Overview
of Baseball Broadcasting, 1921 to the
Present. South
Bend: Diamond Communications, 1987.
Smith, G. "Ethics in Sports Journalism." Arena Review.
7
(2), Jul. 1983: 7-14.
Smith, G. "Study of a Sports Journalist."
International
Review of Sport Sociology. 11 (3), 1976:
5-26.
Smith, G. & Blackman, C. (1978). "Sport in the Mass
Media." C.A.H.P.E.R. Sociology of Sport Monograph Series.
Ottowa.
Smith, G.J., B. Patterson, T. Williams &
J. Hogg. "A
Profile of the Deeply Committed Male Sports Fan."
Arena
Review. 5 (2), 1981: 26-44.
Snyder, E. & M. Kane. "Photo Elicitation: A Methodological
Technique for Studying Sport."
Journal of Sport
Management. 4, 1990: 21-30.
Sorkin, M. (1986). "Faking It." In T. Gitlin (ed.),
Watching
Television. (pp. 162-182). New York: Pantheon, 1986.
Spence, J. & D. Diles. Up Close and Personal:
The Inside
Story of Network Television Sports. New
York: Atheneum,
1988.
Staudohar, P. The Sports
Industry and Collective
Bargaining. Ithaca: ILR, 1986.
Stein, H. "Sports Writing's Poet Laureate." Sport Magazine.
March 1978.
Steinbreder, J. "Final Edition: The National (Sports Daily)
Throws in the Towel
After 16 Months." Sports
Illustrated. 24 Jun. 1991: 14.
Stevens, J. "The Rise of the Sports Page." Gannett
Center
Journal. 1 (2), Fall 1987: 1-11.
Stoddart, B. "Sport, Siphoning and Pay TV." Sport
Report.
14 (3), Spring 1994: 25.
Stone, G. "American Sports: Play and Display."
Chicago
Review. 9, 1955: 83- 100.
Stone, G. "Sport as a Community Representation."
in G.
Luschen, ed. Handbook of
Social Science of Sport.
Champaign: Stipes, 1981.
Stotler, D., & Johnson, D. (1989a, July) "Assessing the
impact and effectiveness of stadium advertising on
sports spectators at Division I institutions." Journal
of Sport Management, 3, 90-102.
Sullivan, D. "Commentary and Viewer Perception of
Player
Hostility: Adding Punch to Televised Sports." Journal
of
Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 35 (4), Fall 1991:
487-
504.
Sutphen, L. "Sports Bars' Interception of
the National
Football League's Satellite Signals:
Controversy or
Compromise?" Seton Hall Journal of Sport
Law. 2 (1),
1992: 203-231.
Taylor, F. "Impartiality, Sincerity, Precision:
Tough
Demands on the Sports Journalist."
Olympic Review.
(248), Jul. 1988: 299-303.
Taylor, F. "Power of the Word: The Sports Writer."
Sport
and Leisure. 21 (4), Aug. 1980: 22-23.
Teitel, J. "Small Change. Astronomical
Salaries Among
Athletes Have Engendered Contempt for the Paupers Who
Write
About Them." Saturday Night. 105 (8), Oct.
1990: 71-73;
75-77.
Telander, R. "The Written Word: Player-Press Relationships
in American Sports." Sociology of Sport Journal.
1 (1),
1984: 3-14.
Theberge, N. "A Content Analysis of Print Media Coverage of
Gender, Women and Physical Activity." Journal of
Applied
Sport Psychology. 3 (1), Mar. 1991: 36-48.
Theberge, N. & A. Cronk. "Work Routines in Newspaper
Sports Departments and the
Coverage of Women's
Sports." Sociology of Sport Journal. 3, 1986:
195-203.
Trujillo, N. "Hegemonic Masculinity on the Mound:
Media
Representations of Nolan Ryan and American Sports Culture."
Critical Studies in Mass Communication.
8 (3), 1991:
290-308.
Trujillo, N. "Machines, Missiles, and Men: Images
of the
Male Body on ABC's Monday Night Football."
Sociology of
Sport Journal. 12, 1995: 403-423.
Turner, E. "Television Consumer Advertising and the Sports
Figure." Sport Marketing Quarterly.
4 (1), Mar. 1995:
27-33.
Valeriote, T. (1980). "An Occupational Analysis of
Sportswriters." Unpublished M.A. Thesis. University of
Alberta, Edmonton.
VandeBerg, L. & L. Wenner (Eds.). Television
Criticism:
Approaches and Applications. New
York: Longman, 1991.
Wagner, R. (1994). An analysis of prize money and domestic
television coverage in men's and women's professional tennis.
Sports Marketing Quarterly, 3 (2), 15-20.
Wann, D. "Agression Among Highly Identified Spectators as a
Function of Their Need to
Maintain Positive Social
Identity." Journal of Sport and Social
Issues. 17
(2), 1993: 134-143.
Wann, D. "Emotional Responses to the Sports Page." Journal
of Sport and Social Issues. 16 (1), Spring 1992:
49-64.
Wanta, W. "Hitting Paydirt: Capacity Theory
and Sports
Announcers - Use of
Clichˇs." Journal of
Communication. 38 (4), 1988: 82-89.
Ward, B. "Reading Between the Lines:
Examines Sports
Writing from New Perspectives - Psychology,
Sociology,
History and Photography." Scholastic
Editor. 57 (1),
Sep. 1977: 8-11.
Webster, J. It's a Sporting Life: Tales from 25 Years
of
Sports Writing. South Melbourne: MacMillan, 1986.
Webster's Sports Dictionary. Springfield: Merriam, 1976.
Weiller, K. "Gender Differences in Televised Sport
- The
1980' and Beyond."
Pennsylvania Journal of Health,
physical Education, Recreation and
Dance. 63 (3),
Summer 1993: 22-25.
Weiner, J. (1973). The high cost of big time football.
College and University Business, 55 (3), 35-42.
Wenner, L. "The Dream Team, Communicative Dirt, and the
Marketing of Synergy: USA Basketball and Cross-
Merchandising in Television Commercials." Journal of Sport
& Social Issues. 18, Feb. 1994: 27-47.
Wenner, L. (ed.). Media, Sports & Society. Newbury
Park,
CA: Sage, 1989.
Wenner, L. (1989). "Media, Sports & Society: The Research
Agenda." pp. 13-48 in L. Wenner (Ed.). Media, Sports and
Society. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Wenner, L. "One Part Alcohol, One Part Sport,
One Part
Dirt, Stir Gently: Beer Commercials and Television Sports."
In L. Vande Berg & L. Wenner (Eds.). Television Criticism:
Approaches and Applications. New York:
Longman, 1991.
Wenner, L. "The Super Bowl Pregame Show: Cultural
Fantasies and Political Subtext." In
L. Wenner (Ed.).
Media, Sports, and Society. Newbury
Park: Sage, 1989.
Wenner, L. "Televised Sports and Marital Relationships."
Sociology of Sport Journal. 12, 1995: 306-323.
Wenner, L. "Therapeutic Engagement in Mediated Sports."
In
G. Gumpert & S. Fish
(eds.). Talking to Strangers:
Mediated Therapeutic Communication.
Norword: Ablex,
1990.
Wenner, L. & W. Gantz. "The Audience Experience With
Sports
on Television." in L. Wenner,
ed. Media, Sports &
Society. Newbury Park: Sage, 1989.
Whannel, G. Fields of Vision: Television Sport and Cultural
Transformation. London: Routledge, 1992.
Whannel, G. "Televising Sport: The
Archaeology of a
Professional Practice." Conference
Papers and Reports,
Leisure Studies Association. 1986: 12- 33.
Whannel, G. "The Unholy Alliance: Notes on Television
and
the Re-Making of British Sport." In Leisure
Studies. 5,
1986: 22-37.
White, P. & J. Gillett. "Reading the
Muscular Body: A
Critical Decoding of Advertisements in
FLEX Magazine."
Sociology of Sport Journal. 11, 1994: 18-39.
Williams, H. "The News in Network TV Sports."
Gannett
Center Journal. 1 (2), Fall 1987: 25-38.
Williams, J. "The Local and the Global in English
Soccer
and the Rise of Satellite
Television." Sociology of
Sport Journal. 11 (4), Dec. 1994: 376- 397.
Winslow, J. Media Coverage of Women's NCAA Varsity
Sports
as a Function
of the Structure of the Sports
Information Office. Eugene: Microform
Publications,
1994.
Wiseman, N. (1977). The economics of football. Lloyds Bank
Review, 123, 29-43.
Yetman, N. & D. Eitzen. "Black Americans in Sports: Unequal
Opportunity for Equal Ability."
Civil Rights Digest.
5, 1972: 20-34.
Zillmann, D., J. Bryant & B. Sapolsky.
"Enjoyment From
Sports Spectatorship." In J. Goldstein
(Ed.). Sports,
Games, and Play: Social and Psychological
Viewpoints.
Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1989.